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Gray, W. D.  (1995). VCR-as-paradigm: A study and taxonomy of errors in an interactive task. In K. Nordby, P. Helmersen, D. J. Gilmore, and S. A. Arnesen (Eds.). Human-Computer Interaction--Interact'95 (pp. 265-270). New York: Chapman & Hall.

Abstract

    The error-prone task of programming a VCR is representative of a growing number of end-user programmable devices. To help understand this task a display-based model of VCR programming was developed and implemented as a computational cognitive model. The model accurately predicts the vast majority of correct and error recovery keypresses collected from 9 subjects during 56 successfully programmed shows. The model supports two taxonomies for classifying errors; one at the keypress level, the other at the goal and subgoal level. The taxonomies have descriptive utility and are being used to understand the non-random nature, discovery, recovery of errors in programmable devices.

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