{CogTool *Experimental Design *Experimentation *Human Computer Interaction Psychometrics & Statistics & Methodology [2200]. Human Factors Engineering [4010]. *Organizational Change *Program Evaluation Monitoring Organizational Behavior [3660]. Human. ACT-R cognitive architectures cognitive modeling cognitive skill acquisition computational linguistics DMAP EPIC expertise GOMS interactive behavior/cognitive least-effort/errors/ display-based problem-solving/rational analysis/ interface design/eye movements/eye tracking/ direct-manipulation interfaces/satisficing/VCR interactive routines Measures of Semantic Relatedness natural language processing NGD NGOMSL performance plateaus prototyping Rational analysis semantic relevancy maps soar Space Fortress TCP Tetris Transfer visual saliency maps visual search
1983 |
Gray, Wayne D Cognitive task analysis: Using cognitive science to improve training productivity Inproceedings Technology of Training Productivity Assessment Conference, pp. 66–68, Society for Applied Learning Technology, 1983. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{gray83salt.symp, title = {Cognitive task analysis: Using cognitive science to improve training productivity}, author = { Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1983}, date = {1983-07-01}, booktitle = {Technology of Training Productivity Assessment Conference}, pages = {66--68}, publisher = {Society for Applied Learning Technology}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
Anderson, John R A spreading activitation theory of memory Journal Article Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22 (3), pp. 261-295, 1983. BibTeX | Tags: @article{jra83jvlvb, title = {A spreading activitation theory of memory}, author = { John R. Anderson}, year = {1983}, date = {1983-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {261-295}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Gray, C T; Roberts-Gray, C; Gray, Wayne D A guide to implementation of training products (TR1350) Technical Report US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral & Social Sciences Alexandria, VA, (DTIC No. ADA143669), 1983. BibTeX | Tags: @techreport{grayGrayGray83tech, title = {A guide to implementation of training products (TR1350)}, author = { C. T. Gray and C. Roberts-Gray and Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1983}, date = {1983-01-01}, number = {DTIC No. ADA143669}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, institution = {US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral & Social Sciences}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {techreport} } |
Gray, Wayne D Engagement simulation: A method of tactical team training Journal Article Training and Development Journal, 37 (7), pp. 29–34, 1983. BibTeX | Tags: Evaluation/methodology, Graph visualization, Graphical user interfaces, Information visualization, Interaction techniques, Navigation techniques, Piccolo Zoomable User Interface (ZUI) Toolkit @article{gray83trngDvJrnl, title = {Engagement simulation: A method of tactical team training}, author = { Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1983}, date = {1983-01-01}, journal = {Training and Development Journal}, volume = {37}, number = {7}, pages = {29--34}, keywords = {Evaluation/methodology, Graph visualization, Graphical user interfaces, Information visualization, Interaction techniques, Navigation techniques, Piccolo Zoomable User Interface (ZUI) Toolkit}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
1982 |
Gray, Wayne D; Roberts-Gray, Cynthia 1982. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: @talk{gray82proc, title = {Implementing Army Training Programs: Translating Model into Action. (Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED230591)}, author = { Wayne D. Gray and Cynthia Roberts-Gray}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED230591&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-10-01}, organization = {Joint Annual Meeting of Evaluation Research Society and Evaluation Network}, abstract = {While there is a recognized need for new and better ways to train soldiers to fight, many training programs developed in response to this need are used poorly or not at all. In part, the failure to use these training programs stems from the lack of established procedures for monitoring implementation and evaluating use. Effective monitoring can provide information that improves the implementation process, thereby increasing the use of new training programs. Routine evaluation of use issues can result in guidance for modifying existing programs and developing new programs. In this paper a framework for the Life Cycle evaluation of Army training programs is presented. In the Life Cycle framework it is recognized that evaluation issues change as the program ``ages.`` The paper provides an overview of the Life Cycle framework and then focuses on issues important during the process of implementation. The goal is for the ``evaluator as monitor`` to take actions and make recommendations that will increase the likelihood that the implementation process is successful and the program is routinely used.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {talk} } While there is a recognized need for new and better ways to train soldiers to fight, many training programs developed in response to this need are used poorly or not at all. In part, the failure to use these training programs stems from the lack of established procedures for monitoring implementation and evaluating use. Effective monitoring can provide information that improves the implementation process, thereby increasing the use of new training programs. Routine evaluation of use issues can result in guidance for modifying existing programs and developing new programs. In this paper a framework for the Life Cycle evaluation of Army training programs is presented. In the Life Cycle framework it is recognized that evaluation issues change as the program ``ages.`` The paper provides an overview of the Life Cycle framework and then focuses on issues important during the process of implementation. The goal is for the ``evaluator as monitor`` to take actions and make recommendations that will increase the likelihood that the implementation process is successful and the program is routinely used. |
Postman, L; Gray, Wayne D; Thompkins, B A Effects of learning strategies on interference Journal Article American Journal of Psychology, 95 (2), pp. 287–308, 1982. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Interference (Learning) *Recall (Learning) *Strategies *Transfer (Learning) *Verbal Learning Learning & Memory [2343]. Human. @article{postman82ajp, title = {Effects of learning strategies on interference}, author = { L. Postman and Wayne D. Gray and B. A. Thompkins}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-01-01}, journal = {American Journal of Psychology}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {287--308}, abstract = {Investigated the effects of instructions to suppress 1st-list responses during 2nd-list learning on transfer performance and recall in 2 experiments. Successive lists conformed to the A-sub(/A^D paradigm. Other instructional treatments were included for purposes of comparison. In Exp I, 192 college students were divided among 8 conditions to test the influence of learning strategies on transfer performance and retroactive inhibition. In Exp II, the influence of suppression strategy on proactive inhibition was examined with 108 college students. The suppression strategy served to increase speed of transfer learning. Retroactive inhibition on a test immediately after the end of interpolated learning was reduced somewhat, but spontaneous recovery was eliminated. The former effect is attributed to a decrease in the amount of associative unlearning, and the latter to persistence of response-set interference. Suppression instructions failed to influence the level of proactive inhibition. (28 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {*Interference (Learning) *Recall (Learning) *Strategies *Transfer (Learning) *Verbal Learning Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Investigated the effects of instructions to suppress 1st-list responses during 2nd-list learning on transfer performance and recall in 2 experiments. Successive lists conformed to the A-sub(/A^D paradigm. Other instructional treatments were included for purposes of comparison. In Exp I, 192 college students were divided among 8 conditions to test the influence of learning strategies on transfer performance and retroactive inhibition. In Exp II, the influence of suppression strategy on proactive inhibition was examined with 108 college students. The suppression strategy served to increase speed of transfer learning. Retroactive inhibition on a test immediately after the end of interpolated learning was reduced somewhat, but spontaneous recovery was eliminated. The former effect is attributed to a decrease in the amount of associative unlearning, and the latter to persistence of response-set interference. Suppression instructions failed to influence the level of proactive inhibition. (28 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved). |
Gray, Wayne D Assessing the effectiveness of tactical training with MILES-TES: A life cycle approach Inproceedings Technology Training Effectiveness and Evaluation for Productivity Conference, pp. 13–18, Society for Applied Learning Technology, 1982. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{gray82salt, title = {Assessing the effectiveness of tactical training with MILES-TES: A life cycle approach}, author = { Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1982}, date = {1982-01-01}, booktitle = {Technology Training Effectiveness and Evaluation for Productivity Conference}, pages = {13--18}, publisher = {Society for Applied Learning Technology}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
1980 |
Gray, Wayne D A component analysis of list differentiation in paired-associate recall Journal Article Dissertation Abstracts International, 41 (1-B), 1980. BibTeX | Tags: *Cognitive Discrimination *Cues *Paired Associate Learning *Recall (Learning) Learning & Memory [2343]. Human. @article{gray80phdThesis, title = {A component analysis of list differentiation in paired-associate recall}, author = { Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1980}, date = {1980-01-01}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International}, volume = {41}, number = {1-B}, keywords = {*Cognitive Discrimination *Cues *Paired Associate Learning *Recall (Learning) Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
1979 |
Postman, L; Gray, Wayne D Does imaginal encoding increase resistance to interference? Journal Article American Journal of Psychology, 92 (2), pp. 215-233, 1979. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Imagery *Interference (Learning) *Negative Transfer *Paired Associate Learning *Recall (Learning) Word Associations Learning & Memory [2343]. Human. @article{postman79ajp, title = {Does imaginal encoding increase resistance to interference?}, author = { L. Postman and Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1979}, date = {1979-01-01}, journal = {American Journal of Psychology}, volume = {92}, number = {2}, pages = {215-233}, abstract = {Studied 192 undergraduates to investigate whether resistance to negative transfer and interference at recall is positively related to the concreteness-imagery (C-I) value of stimuli and responses. The learning materials were paired-associate lists representing the 4 possible stimulusesponse combinations of concrete and abstract nouns. Successive lists conformed to either the A-B, A-Br (identical stimuli and responses re-paired), or A-B, C-B (unrelated stimuli and identical responses) paradigm. Amount of negative transfer under the A-Br relative to the C-B paradigm did not vary as a function of C-I values of the list members. Retention tests administered either immediately or 1 wk after the end of transfer learning yielded no evidence of differences among the 4 types of lists in susceptibility to proactive and retroactive interference. It is concluded that imaginally mediated associations are no less resistant to interference than verbally mediated ones. (22 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {*Imagery *Interference (Learning) *Negative Transfer *Paired Associate Learning *Recall (Learning) Word Associations Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Studied 192 undergraduates to investigate whether resistance to negative transfer and interference at recall is positively related to the concreteness-imagery (C-I) value of stimuli and responses. The learning materials were paired-associate lists representing the 4 possible stimulusesponse combinations of concrete and abstract nouns. Successive lists conformed to either the A-B, A-Br (identical stimuli and responses re-paired), or A-B, C-B (unrelated stimuli and identical responses) paradigm. Amount of negative transfer under the A-Br relative to the C-B paradigm did not vary as a function of C-I values of the list members. Retention tests administered either immediately or 1 wk after the end of transfer learning yielded no evidence of differences among the 4 types of lists in susceptibility to proactive and retroactive interference. It is concluded that imaginally mediated associations are no less resistant to interference than verbally mediated ones. (22 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved). |
1978 |
Postman, L; Gray, Wayne D Response recall and retroactive inhibition Journal Article American Journal of Psychology, 91 (1), pp. 3-22, 1978. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: *Free Recall *Learning Schedules *Retroactive Inhibition Learning & Memory [2343]. Human. @article{postman78ajp, title = {Response recall and retroactive inhibition}, author = { L. Postman and Wayne D. Gray}, url = {Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1421818}, year = {1978}, date = {1978-01-01}, journal = {American Journal of Psychology}, volume = {91}, number = {1}, pages = {3-22}, abstract = {To the extent that response loss contributes to retroactive inhibition under the A-B, A-D paradigm, reinstatement of the responses prior to the test of retention should reduce the amount of interference. In the present experiment with 192 Ss, the method of reinstatement consisted of an orienting task in which the Ss rated the 1st-list responses prior to the test of retention. The orienting task either was or was not followed by free recall of the responses. The reinstatement procedures and the test of retention occurred either immediately after the end of interpolated learning or after a delay. Relative to the appropriate control groups, performance of the orienting task significantly reduced the amount of retroactive inhibition. Recall was higher on the delayed than on the immediate test, but the reinstatement effects were comparable at the 2 retention intervals. Free recall of the responses tended to reduce rather than enhance the gains on the retention test. Results support the assumption that response loss is an important component of retroactive inhibition under the A-B, A-D paradigm. (21 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {*Free Recall *Learning Schedules *Retroactive Inhibition Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } To the extent that response loss contributes to retroactive inhibition under the A-B, A-D paradigm, reinstatement of the responses prior to the test of retention should reduce the amount of interference. In the present experiment with 192 Ss, the method of reinstatement consisted of an orienting task in which the Ss rated the 1st-list responses prior to the test of retention. The orienting task either was or was not followed by free recall of the responses. The reinstatement procedures and the test of retention occurred either immediately after the end of interpolated learning or after a delay. Relative to the appropriate control groups, performance of the orienting task significantly reduced the amount of retroactive inhibition. Recall was higher on the delayed than on the immediate test, but the reinstatement effects were comparable at the 2 retention intervals. Free recall of the responses tended to reduce rather than enhance the gains on the retention test. Results support the assumption that response loss is an important component of retroactive inhibition under the A-B, A-D paradigm. (21 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved). |
Postman, L; Thompkins, B A; Gray, Wayne D The interpretation of encoding effects in retention Journal Article Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17 (6), pp. 681-705, 1978. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Cognitive Processes *Cues *Human Information Storage *Retention *Semantics Learning & Memory [2343]. Human. @article{postman78jvlvb, title = {The interpretation of encoding effects in retention}, author = { L. Postman and B. A. Thompkins and Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1978}, date = {1978-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior}, volume = {17}, number = {6}, pages = {681-705}, abstract = {Reviews experimental and theoretical analyses of the relationship between level of processing and retention. In light of changing interpretations of encoding effects, the discussion centers on the status of depth of processing as an explanatory concept. Two studies were conducted with 312 undergraduates to test predictions about the effects of orienting activities on retention. In Study 1, the theoretically important interaction between level of processing and cue distinctiveness was not demonstrated. In Study 2, manipulations of the similarity between successive semantic orienting tasks failed to influence transfer and retroaction. Results point to important limitations on the control of encoding by orienting tasks. (35 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved).}, keywords = {*Cognitive Processes *Cues *Human Information Storage *Retention *Semantics Learning & Memory [2343]. Human.}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Reviews experimental and theoretical analyses of the relationship between level of processing and retention. In light of changing interpretations of encoding effects, the discussion centers on the status of depth of processing as an explanatory concept. Two studies were conducted with 312 undergraduates to test predictions about the effects of orienting activities on retention. In Study 1, the theoretically important interaction between level of processing and cue distinctiveness was not demonstrated. In Study 2, manipulations of the similarity between successive semantic orienting tasks failed to influence transfer and retroaction. Results point to important limitations on the control of encoding by orienting tasks. (35 ref) ((c) 1997 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved). |
1977 |
Postman, L; Gray, Wayne D Maintenance of prior associations and proactive inhibition Journal Article Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3 (3), pp. 255–263, 1977. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Learning and Memory, Proactive Inhibition, Transfer @article{postman77jephlm, title = {Maintenance of prior associations and proactive inhibition}, author = { L. Postman and Wayne D. Gray}, year = {1977}, date = {1977-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {255--263}, abstract = {Manipulated the method of transfer learning in a study of proactive inhibition using 160 undergraduates. Under the accretion condition, Ss recalled 1st-list along with 2nd-list responses in the transfer phase; under the substitution condition, they recalled only the 2nd-list responses. These procedures were used under the A-B, A-D and A-B, C-D paradigms. Control Ss learned a single list. Retention tests were given either immediately or 1 wk after the end of learning. Speed of transfer learning did not differ under the 2 conditions of practice. Long-term retention of the 2nd list was significantly higher after accretion than after substitution learning for both paradigms. The accretion Ss were also superior in accuracy of list identification. Results suggest that the joint recall of the 2 lists during transfer increases list differentiation and reduces competition between alternative sets of responses on the retention test.}, keywords = {Learning and Memory, Proactive Inhibition, Transfer}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Manipulated the method of transfer learning in a study of proactive inhibition using 160 undergraduates. Under the accretion condition, Ss recalled 1st-list along with 2nd-list responses in the transfer phase; under the substitution condition, they recalled only the 2nd-list responses. These procedures were used under the A-B, A-D and A-B, C-D paradigms. Control Ss learned a single list. Retention tests were given either immediately or 1 wk after the end of learning. Speed of transfer learning did not differ under the 2 conditions of practice. Long-term retention of the 2nd list was significantly higher after accretion than after substitution learning for both paradigms. The accretion Ss were also superior in accuracy of list identification. Results suggest that the joint recall of the 2 lists during transfer increases list differentiation and reduces competition between alternative sets of responses on the retention test. |
1976 |
Rosch, E; Mervis, C; Gray, Wayne D; Johnson, D M; Boyes-Braem, P Basic objects in natural categories Journal Article Cognitive Psychology, 8 , pp. 382-439, 1976. @article{rosch76cogPsyc, title = {Basic objects in natural categories}, author = { E. Rosch and C. Mervis and Wayne D. Gray and D. M. Johnson and P. Boyes-Braem}, year = {1976}, date = {1976-01-01}, journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, volume = {8}, pages = {382-439}, abstract = {Categorizations which humans make of the concrete world are not arbitrary but highly determined. In taxonomies of concrete objects, there is one level of abstraction at which the most basic category cuts are made. Basic categories are those which carry the most information, possess the highest category cue validity, and are, thus, the most differentiated from one another. The four experiments of Part I define basic objects by demonstrating that in taxonomies of common concrete nouns in English based on class inclusion, basic objects are the most inclusive categories whose members: (a) possess significant numbers of attributes in common, (b) have motor programs which are similar to one another, (c) have similar shapes, and (d) can be identified from averaged shapes of members of the class. The eight experiments of Part II explore implications of the structure of categories. Basic objects are shown to be the most inclusive categories for which a concrete image of the category as a whole can be formed, to be the first categorizations made during perception of the environment, to be the earliest categories sorted and earliest named by children, and to be the categories most codable, most coded, and most necessary in language.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Categorizations which humans make of the concrete world are not arbitrary but highly determined. In taxonomies of concrete objects, there is one level of abstraction at which the most basic category cuts are made. Basic categories are those which carry the most information, possess the highest category cue validity, and are, thus, the most differentiated from one another. The four experiments of Part I define basic objects by demonstrating that in taxonomies of common concrete nouns in English based on class inclusion, basic objects are the most inclusive categories whose members: (a) possess significant numbers of attributes in common, (b) have motor programs which are similar to one another, (c) have similar shapes, and (d) can be identified from averaged shapes of members of the class. The eight experiments of Part II explore implications of the structure of categories. Basic objects are shown to be the most inclusive categories for which a concrete image of the category as a whole can be formed, to be the first categorizations made during perception of the environment, to be the earliest categories sorted and earliest named by children, and to be the categories most codable, most coded, and most necessary in language. |
0000 |
Hope, Ryan M; Schoelles, Michael J; Gray, Wayne D Connecting the world to ACT-R using JSON and TCP Inproceedings 0000. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: ACT-R, Common Lisp, JSON, TCP @inproceedings{hope13iccm-jni-poster, title = {Connecting the world to ACT-R using JSON and TCP}, author = { Ryan M. Hope and Michael J. Schoelles and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:iccm15}, abstract = {Connecting ACT-R models to software written in languages other than Common Lisp can be quite challenging. Over the years a number of attempts have been made to make this easier, some of which have been more useful and generalizable than others. Most solutions have resulted in operating system or programming language specific solutions. In the present paper we introduce the first truly cross-platform and programming language agnostic solution for connecting ACT-R to external software. We accomplish this with a simple JSON API that is transmitted over TCP.}, keywords = {ACT-R, Common Lisp, JSON, TCP}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Connecting ACT-R models to software written in languages other than Common Lisp can be quite challenging. Over the years a number of attempts have been made to make this easier, some of which have been more useful and generalizable than others. Most solutions have resulted in operating system or programming language specific solutions. In the present paper we introduce the first truly cross-platform and programming language agnostic solution for connecting ACT-R to external software. We accomplish this with a simple JSON API that is transmitted over TCP. |
, Journal Article 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @article{deleteme, author = { }, crossref = {conf:cogsci12}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Altmann, Erik M Control signals and goal-directed behavior Incollection 0000. @incollection{erik07imocs, title = {Control signals and goal-directed behavior}, author = { Erik M. Altmann}, chapter = {26}, crossref = {book:imocs07}, abstract = {The psychological notion of a ``goal'' can take various forms, but at bottom all goal-directed activity seems to require that the correct control signal be detectable by the cognitive system against a background of old or alternative signals. A simple signal-detection model based on this premise explains a variety of empirical phenomena from the domain of task switching that might otherwise seem unrelated and that have no obvious explanation in terms of standard, but somewhat na"ive, ``reconfiguration'' accounts of cognitive control. The model can be used to frame discussion of a variety of memory- and attention-related processes, including encoding, retrieval, priming, and inhibition.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {incollection} } The psychological notion of a ``goal'' can take various forms, but at bottom all goal-directed activity seems to require that the correct control signal be detectable by the cognitive system against a background of old or alternative signals. A simple signal-detection model based on this premise explains a variety of empirical phenomena from the domain of task switching that might otherwise seem unrelated and that have no obvious explanation in terms of standard, but somewhat na"ive, ``reconfiguration'' accounts of cognitive control. The model can be used to frame discussion of a variety of memory- and attention-related processes, including encoding, retrieval, priming, and inhibition. |
Kirschenbaum, Susan S; Gray, Wayne D The Pr'ecis of Project Nemo, Phase 2: Levels of Expertise Inproceedings pp. 753–758, 0000. @inproceedings{kirsch00csc, title = {The Pr'ecis of Project Nemo, Phase 2: Levels of Expertise}, author = { Susan S. Kirschenbaum and Wayne D. Gray}, pages = {753--758}, crossref = {conf:cogsci00}, abstract = {Project Nemo examines the cognitive processes and representational structures used by submarine Commanders while attempting to locate an enemy submarine hiding in deep water. In phase 2 we collected performance and protocol data from junior, mid-career, and senior submarine officers. The data support the conclusions from phase 1 (Gray, Kirschenbaum, & Ehret, 1997) that most AO actions can be characterized as a sequence of small, steps in a shallow goal hierarchy (rather than as following a detailed master plan). The nature of these successive choices vary as a function of the officer's expertise. The results are congruent with an interpretation in which the process of schema instantiation provides the control of cognition.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Project Nemo examines the cognitive processes and representational structures used by submarine Commanders while attempting to locate an enemy submarine hiding in deep water. In phase 2 we collected performance and protocol data from junior, mid-career, and senior submarine officers. The data support the conclusions from phase 1 (Gray, Kirschenbaum, & Ehret, 1997) that most AO actions can be characterized as a sequence of small, steps in a shallow goal hierarchy (rather than as following a detailed master plan). The nature of these successive choices vary as a function of the officer's expertise. The results are congruent with an interpretation in which the process of schema instantiation provides the control of cognition. |
Lindsey, Robert; Veksler, Vladislav Daniel; Grintsvayg, Alex; Gray, Wayne D Be wary of what your computer reads: The effects of corpus selection on measuring semantic relatedness Inproceedings 0000. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: computational linguistics, corpus comparison, Measures of Semantic Relatedness, natural language processing, NGD, Normalised Google Distance, PMI, Pointwise Mutual Information, semantic similarity, training corpus @inproceedings{lindsey07iccm, title = {Be wary of what your computer reads: The effects of corpus selection on measuring semantic relatedness}, author = { Robert Lindsey and Vladislav Daniel Veksler and Alex Grintsvayg and Wayne D. Gray}, doi = {10.13140/2.1.2295.1206}, crossref = {conf:iccm07}, abstract = {Measures of Semantic Relatedness (MSRs) provide models of human semantic associations and, as such, have been applied to predict human text comprehension (Lemaire, Denhiere, Bellissens, & Jhean-Iarose, 2006). In addition, MSRs form key components in more integrated cognitive modeling such as models that perform information search on the World Wide Web (WWW) (Pirolli, 2005). However, the effectiveness of an MSR depends on the algorithm it uses as well as the text corpus on which it is trained. In this paper, we examine the impact of corpus selection on the performance of two popular MSRs, Pointwise Mutual Information and Normalised Google Distance. We tested these measures with corpora derived from the WWW, books, news articles, emails, web-forums, and encyclopedia. Results indicate that for the tested MSRs, the traditionally employed books and WWW-based corpora are less than optimal, and that using a corpus based on the New York Times news articles best predicts human behavior.}, keywords = {computational linguistics, corpus comparison, Measures of Semantic Relatedness, natural language processing, NGD, Normalised Google Distance, PMI, Pointwise Mutual Information, semantic similarity, training corpus}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Measures of Semantic Relatedness (MSRs) provide models of human semantic associations and, as such, have been applied to predict human text comprehension (Lemaire, Denhiere, Bellissens, & Jhean-Iarose, 2006). In addition, MSRs form key components in more integrated cognitive modeling such as models that perform information search on the World Wide Web (WWW) (Pirolli, 2005). However, the effectiveness of an MSR depends on the algorithm it uses as well as the text corpus on which it is trained. In this paper, we examine the impact of corpus selection on the performance of two popular MSRs, Pointwise Mutual Information and Normalised Google Distance. We tested these measures with corpora derived from the WWW, books, news articles, emails, web-forums, and encyclopedia. Results indicate that for the tested MSRs, the traditionally employed books and WWW-based corpora are less than optimal, and that using a corpus based on the New York Times news articles best predicts human behavior. |
Barry, Kevin; Gray, Wayne D; Schoelles, Michael J Inproceedings 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{barry14csc.poster, author = { Kevin Barry and Wayne D. Gray and Michael J. Schoelles}, crossref = {conf:cogsci14}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
Barry, Kevin P; Gray, Wayne D Forcing Strategy Uniformity with Utility Manipulation: A Computational Model Inproceedings 0000. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: utility learning; cognitive modeling; human-computer interaction; interactive behavior; VCR @inproceedings{barry13iccm, title = {Forcing Strategy Uniformity with Utility Manipulation: A Computational Model}, author = { Kevin P. Barry and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:iccm15}, abstract = {This paper provides a detailed account of the development of a cognitive model, based on utility learning, of a repetitive computer-based task. The reasoning behind each modeling decision is discussed, which lead to novel ways of dealing with modeling constraints. The resulting model provides evidence for utility learning as an explanation of observed behavior after subjects have experience with the task; however, a key failure of the model implies that utility learning cannot explain subjects' behavior when they first approach the task. The model is the connection between hypotheses and empirical observations, making the modeling process itself critical to the interpretation of such conflicting results.}, keywords = {utility learning; cognitive modeling; human-computer interaction; interactive behavior; VCR}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } This paper provides a detailed account of the development of a cognitive model, based on utility learning, of a repetitive computer-based task. The reasoning behind each modeling decision is discussed, which lead to novel ways of dealing with modeling constraints. The resulting model provides evidence for utility learning as an explanation of observed behavior after subjects have experience with the task; however, a key failure of the model implies that utility learning cannot explain subjects' behavior when they first approach the task. The model is the connection between hypotheses and empirical observations, making the modeling process itself critical to the interpretation of such conflicting results. |
Connolly, Thomas J; Veksler, Vladislav Daniel; Gray, Wayne D Predicting interest: Another use of Latent Semantic Analysis Incollection 0000. @incollection{connolly09iccm.gray, title = {Predicting interest: Another use of Latent Semantic Analysis}, author = { Thomas J. Connolly and Vladislav Daniel Veksler and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:iccm09}, abstract = {Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a statistical technique for extracting semantic information from text corpora. LSA has been used with success to automatically grade student essays (Intelligent Essay Scoring), model human language learning, and model language comprehension. We examine how LSA may help to predict a reader's interest in a selection of news articles, based on their reported interest for other articles. The initial results are encouraging. LSA (using default corpus and setup) can closely match human preferences, with RMSE values as low as 2.09 (human ratings being on a scale of 1-10). Additionally, an Adapting Measure (best parameters for each individual) produced significantly better results}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {incollection} } Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a statistical technique for extracting semantic information from text corpora. LSA has been used with success to automatically grade student essays (Intelligent Essay Scoring), model human language learning, and model language comprehension. We examine how LSA may help to predict a reader's interest in a selection of news articles, based on their reported interest for other articles. The initial results are encouraging. LSA (using default corpus and setup) can closely match human preferences, with RMSE values as low as 2.09 (human ratings being on a scale of 1-10). Additionally, an Adapting Measure (best parameters for each individual) produced significantly better results |
Fu, Wai-Tat; Gray, Wayne D Memory versus perceptual-motor tradeoffs in a Blocks World task Inproceedings pp. 154–159, 0000. @inproceedings{fu00csc, title = {Memory versus perceptual-motor tradeoffs in a Blocks World task}, author = { Wai-Tat Fu and Wayne D. Gray}, pages = {154--159}, crossref = {conf:cogsci00}, abstract = {Using information in-the-world as external memory may be a low-cost alternative to internal memory: storage is free, and retrieval is often quick (involving a saccade) and reliable. However, when the cost of accessing external information increases, in-the-head storage and retrieval may become the least-cost solution. We employ the rational analysis framework (Anderson, 1990) to study the effect of varying the cost of information access on interactive behavior. Increasing the cost of information access induced a switch from information in-the-world (the perceptual-motor strategy) to information in-the-head (the memory strategy). Given the effort and unreliability of internal storage, the threshold for switching from an in-the-world to an in-the-head strategy is surprisingly low.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Using information in-the-world as external memory may be a low-cost alternative to internal memory: storage is free, and retrieval is often quick (involving a saccade) and reliable. However, when the cost of accessing external information increases, in-the-head storage and retrieval may become the least-cost solution. We employ the rational analysis framework (Anderson, 1990) to study the effect of varying the cost of information access on interactive behavior. Increasing the cost of information access induced a switch from information in-the-world (the perceptual-motor strategy) to information in-the-head (the memory strategy). Given the effort and unreliability of internal storage, the threshold for switching from an in-the-world to an in-the-head strategy is surprisingly low. |
Schoelles, Michael J; Gray, Wayne D Speculations on Model Tracing for Visual Analytics Inproceedings 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{schoelles13iccm, title = {Speculations on Model Tracing for Visual Analytics}, author = { Michael J. Schoelles and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:iccm15}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
Sibert, Catherine; Lindstedt, John K; Gray, Wayne D Tetris: Exploring Human Strategies via Cross Entropy Reinforcement Learning models Inproceedings 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{sibert14csc.poster, title = {Tetris: Exploring Human Strategies via Cross Entropy Reinforcement Learning models}, author = { Catherine Sibert and John K. Lindstedt and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:cogsci14}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
Stipicevic, Michael J; Veksler, Vladislav Daniel; Gray, Wayne D Computational models of human document keyword selection Incollection 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @incollection{stipicevic09iccm, title = {Computational models of human document keyword selection}, author = { Michael J. Stipicevic and Vladislav Daniel Veksler and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:iccm09}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {incollection} } |
Veksler, Bella Z Milliseconds matter but so do learning and heuristics Incollection 0000. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: DMAP @incollection{bella09iccm, title = {Milliseconds matter but so do learning and heuristics}, author = { Bella Z. Veksler}, crossref = {conf:iccm09}, abstract = {Prior work has shown that the interleaving of perceptual, motor, and cognitive components results in a considerable speedup in the performance of a simple decision making task (Veksler, Gray, & Schoelles, 2007). The current modeling effort conducted using the ACT-R cognitive architecture (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) is intended to demonstrate how this interleaving might be learned, and how decision-making in this task might take place. The model learns the interleaving and exhibits a speedup in performance similar to that of human participants (RMSE=4.3sec). Furthermore, the model matches human accuracy by using a simple heuristic to make decisions}, keywords = {DMAP}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {incollection} } Prior work has shown that the interleaving of perceptual, motor, and cognitive components results in a considerable speedup in the performance of a simple decision making task (Veksler, Gray, & Schoelles, 2007). The current modeling effort conducted using the ACT-R cognitive architecture (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) is intended to demonstrate how this interleaving might be learned, and how decision-making in this task might take place. The model learns the interleaving and exhibits a speedup in performance similar to that of human participants (RMSE=4.3sec). Furthermore, the model matches human accuracy by using a simple heuristic to make decisions |
Veksler, Vladislav Daniel; Gray, Wayne D; Schoelles, Michael J Goal-proximity decision making: Who needs reward anyway? Incollection pp. 1264-1269, 0000. @incollection{vdv09csc.talk, title = {Goal-proximity decision making: Who needs reward anyway?}, author = { Vladislav Daniel Veksler and Wayne D. Gray and Michael J. Schoelles}, pages = {1264-1269}, crossref = {conf:cogsci09}, abstract = {Reinforcement learning (RL) models of decision-making cannot account for human decisions in the absence of prior reward or punishment. We propose a mechanism for choosing among available options based on goal-option association strengths, where association strengths between objects represent object proximity. The proposed mechanism, Goal-Proximity Decision-making (GPD), is implemented within the ACT-R cognitive framework. A one-choice navigation experiment is presented. GPD captures human performance in the early trials of the experiment, where RL cannot.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {incollection} } Reinforcement learning (RL) models of decision-making cannot account for human decisions in the absence of prior reward or punishment. We propose a mechanism for choosing among available options based on goal-option association strengths, where association strengths between objects represent object proximity. The proposed mechanism, Goal-Proximity Decision-making (GPD), is implemented within the ACT-R cognitive framework. A one-choice navigation experiment is presented. GPD captures human performance in the early trials of the experiment, where RL cannot. |
Veksler, Vladislav Daniel; Gray, Wayne D; Schoelles, Michael J Second Life as a simulation environment: Task variety and skill transfer Inproceedings 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{vdv09iccm, title = {Second Life as a simulation environment: Task variety and skill transfer}, author = { Vladislav Daniel Veksler and Wayne D. Gray and Michael J. Schoelles}, crossref = {conf:iccm09}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
, Action Games as Cognitive Science Paradigm Proceeding 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @proceedings{gray16topics.editor, title = {Action Games as Cognitive Science Paradigm}, author = { }, editor = {Wayne D. Gray}, journal = {Topics in Cognitive Science}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {proceedings} } |
Gray, Wayne D The Cognitive Science of natural interaction Conference University of Edinburgh 0000. @conference{gray09edinburgh.talk, title = {The Cognitive Science of natural interaction}, author = { Wayne D. Gray}, organization = {University of Edinburgh}, abstract = {``Let it be named the specious present, and let the past, that is given as being the past, be known as the obvious past. All the notes of a bar of a song seem to the listener to be contained in the present. All the changes of place of a meteor seem to the beholder to be contained in the present. At the instant of the termination of such series, no part of the time measured by them seems to be a past. Time, then, considered relatively to human apprehension, consists of four parts, viz., the obvious past, the specious present, the real present, and the future. Omitting the specious present, it consists of three . . . nonentities -- the past, which does not exist, the future, which does not exist, and their conterminous, the present; the faculty from which it proceeds lies to us in the fiction of the specious present.``}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } ``Let it be named the specious present, and let the past, that is given as being the past, be known as the obvious past. All the notes of a bar of a song seem to the listener to be contained in the present. All the changes of place of a meteor seem to the beholder to be contained in the present. At the instant of the termination of such series, no part of the time measured by them seems to be a past. Time, then, considered relatively to human apprehension, consists of four parts, viz., the obvious past, the specious present, the real present, and the future. Omitting the specious present, it consists of three . . . nonentities -- the past, which does not exist, the future, which does not exist, and their conterminous, the present; the faculty from which it proceeds lies to us in the fiction of the specious present.`` |
Gray, Wayne D Elements of Extreme Expertise in Cognitive Skill Conference 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @conference{gray13.Groningen, title = {Elements of Extreme Expertise in Cognitive Skill}, author = { Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:europeanActr:13}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Gray, Wayne D; Perez, Ray; Lindstedt, John K; Skinner, Anna; Johnson, Robin R; Mayer, Richard E; Adams, Deanne; Atkinson, Robert Tetris as Research Paradigm: An Approach to Studying Complex Cognitive Skills Inproceedings 0000. BibTeX | Tags: @inproceedings{gray14csc.symposium, title = {Tetris as Research Paradigm: An Approach to Studying Complex Cognitive Skills}, author = { Wayne D. Gray and Ray Perez and John K. Lindstedt and Anna Skinner and Robin R. Johnson and Richard E. Mayer and Deanne Adams and Robert Atkinson}, crossref = {conf:cogsci14}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
Grintsvayg, Alex; Veksler, Vladislav Daniel; Lindsey, Robert; Gray, Wayne D Vector generation of an explicitly-defined multidimensional semantic space Conference 0000. @conference{grintsvayg07iccm, title = {Vector generation of an explicitly-defined multidimensional semantic space}, author = { Alex Grintsvayg and Vladislav Daniel Veksler and Robert Lindsey and Wayne D. Gray}, crossref = {conf:iccm01}, abstract = {from the first paragraph`` Measures of Semantic Relatedness (MSRs) are a recent breed of computational models of text comprehension. MSRs have been successfully used to model human web browsing behavior (Pirolli & Fu, 2003), language acquisition (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), and text comprehension (Lemaire, Denhiere, Bellissens, & Jhean- Iarose, 2006), among other things. MSRs have also been used in the applied domain for augmented search engine technology (Dumais, 2003), ETS essay grading (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), and many other applications.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } from the first paragraph`` Measures of Semantic Relatedness (MSRs) are a recent breed of computational models of text comprehension. MSRs have been successfully used to model human web browsing behavior (Pirolli & Fu, 2003), language acquisition (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), and text comprehension (Lemaire, Denhiere, Bellissens, & Jhean- Iarose, 2006), among other things. MSRs have also been used in the applied domain for augmented search engine technology (Dumais, 2003), ETS essay grading (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), and many other applications. |
Hope, Ryan M; Schoelles, Michael J; Gray, Wayne D Connecting the world to ACT-R using JSON and TCP Inproceedings pp. 1-2, 0000. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: ACT-R, Common Lisp, JSON, TCP @inproceedings{hope13iccm-jni, title = {Connecting the world to ACT-R using JSON and TCP}, author = { Ryan M. Hope and Michael J. Schoelles and Wayne D. Gray}, pages = {1-2}, crossref = {conf:iccm15}, abstract = {Connecting ACT-R models to software written in languages other than Common Lisp can be quite challenging. Over the years a number of attempts have been made to make this easier, some of which have been more useful and generalizable than others. Most solutions have resulted in operating system or programming language specific solutions. In the present paper we introduce the first truly cross-platform and programming language agnostic solution for connecting ACT-R to external software. We accomplish this with a simple JSON API that is transmitted over TCP.}, keywords = {ACT-R, Common Lisp, JSON, TCP}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Connecting ACT-R models to software written in languages other than Common Lisp can be quite challenging. Over the years a number of attempts have been made to make this easier, some of which have been more useful and generalizable than others. Most solutions have resulted in operating system or programming language specific solutions. In the present paper we introduce the first truly cross-platform and programming language agnostic solution for connecting ACT-R to external software. We accomplish this with a simple JSON API that is transmitted over TCP. |